If your name never changes then all of your achievements are indexed together. If your CV has to say, "I worked at XYZ between these dates, but under a different name" then that makes it a little bit harder to get a reference that's verifiably about you. You also potentially miss out on people seeing your CV on the pile and saying, "I worked with her before, she's worth calling in for interview". Little bits of friction can make a big difference.
Also, as an aside, talking about "modern audiences" reflects a cultural bias. There are cultures in which the wife always kept her surname. There's nothing inherently antiquated or modern in naming customs: it's "what I'm used to", "what my grandparents were used to", and "what that particular group of foreigners do".