There is a difference between cartels, syndicates and other market agreements.
Obviously the border line is thin.
However if we are talking about majour infrastructure projects, there are many stupid hurdles, set up by "capitalism".
Frankly: the interaction between administration and commerce/business does not work very good. Similar as in software development. You know what it costs, when it is finished. And not before.
We want to build a new carrier. The only save assumption is: it is bigger then the current biggest one. It has more features. There is more work to make it, and more materials needed. And despite the fact that the construction company knows its business: they have no real idea how much it will cost to make it. So, they give you a low estimate. Perhaps two or three give similar estimates. Then the administration has to pick:
a) go with the previous team - because they could do it
b) take the cheapest team - which build two submarines already
c) take an unknown guy who made a sound plan and broke down every majour cost item
And so on ...
The example above is easy, as for example most nations would never order a new development as a carrier or a submarine build in a foreign nation. Purchasing an existing model, yes. But start from scratch, unlikely.
What is the relation to construction of infrastructure? Well, complications of local laws. Sourcing and transporting the materials. E.g. having a Chinese construction consortium bidding on a high voltage power line in Germany, from where do they source the work force? Where do they get the pillars from, or the required cables? Transporting a few thousand km of cables from china to Germany: how? Do they need special ships going up upriver in Germany? A new trans Siberian train line? A new silk road for trucks?
Basically all construction projects are over time and over budget. And on top of that, everyone cuts corners. Usually half the companies involved are founded and staffed for just one project and bankrupt after (or even before) it is finished and the workforce fired.
Now imagine, you want to start bidding - with the aim of actually doing it - for construction projects in a completely foreign environment.
It is basically a lose lose situation.
I am not saying it is better for everyone if Asian companies stay in Asia and European ones in Europe and so on ... however it is understandable that business people see reality a little bit more as what it is.
As long as a European company can not do a project in time and budget - lets focus on in time - there is no point in "competition" underbidding in the European market. And vise versa. The idea that one from a foreign market can work better in a local market than a local company/consortium is illusion.
We are talking about "real things" not about a new shopping company, internet provider or a bank.
It is actually a great risk, for the local administration and population/tax payers. It is not about jobs. The jobs will always be sourced locally. With a few bean counters, directors and planning/engineers from the source company.
Does that mean it is needed that bosses of such construction companies meet secretly in hotels. No idea. I guess they simply decide how to divide up Africa and what to do after the collapse of Gods Own Country.