I'm going to attack your post here. But I don't intend this as a personal attack; you may very well be arguing in good faith, just from outdated information. Being even a few years behind - and your citation of a decade-old book suggests you're farther behind than that - means you've missed out on a ton of new information about the practical scale of renewable power (did you know that worldwide we're installing almost 1.5GW of solar power EVERY DAY OF THE YEAR these days?).

> In the USA we've had decades of nuclear fission providing something like 20% of our electricity and with each closing of a nuclear power plant there's increased use of fossil fuels to replace them.

Coal use in the US has been plummeting (down 680TWh in the last decade), and rising natural gas use (up 460TWh in the last decade) is only offsetting about half that fall. You may be interested to read the EIA's annual report: https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.io?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Felectricit... (see, particularly, chapter 3). And renewables provide about 3x as much annual energy as nuclear plants do, per dollar spent (using un-subsidized prices: https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.io?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lazard.com%2Fmedia%2F2...). So your argument that spending money on new nuclear plants is reducing carbon emissions is untrue.

> Uranium and thorium is stored energy, stores of energy upon which we can draw from as desired.

Also not true. Sure, uranium and thorium store quite a lot of energy. But we can't draw on them "as desired." We can draw on them with about three days' warning, assuming the plant's fueled, maintained, and waiting to start up. Nuclear power does not provide a backup to a renewable grid, unless that grid already has sufficient storage that you can forecast a need for a nuclear backstop 3+ days in advance. And if you think we're *not* going to have a renewable grid, you haven't been paying attention to how incredibly cheap renewables are. 94% of planned capacity additions to the US grid in 2024 are solar, wind, and batteries. Everything else combined is 6%. See EIA again: https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.io?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Ftodayinene... But even that is an understatement of how renewables-dominated the grid pipeline is, because it ignores planned retirements. Coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear power capacity are ALL forecast to fall this year as new capacity fails to offset retirements. New renewables are not only supplying the new energy required as grid demand rises, but are now displacing existing capacity.

And this year isn't a fluke, it's a continuation of a developing theme: cheap power sources get built. Check out the forecasts through 2027: https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.io?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Felectricit... Coal: down 32GW. Gas: up 5GW. Wind: up 30GW. Solar: up 100GW.

> This isn't because people hate clean air and a stable climate but because renewable energy cannot reliably provide energy when and where it is needed.

Why do you think that's true? We have ample modeling from research teams throughout the world all pointing to the same conclusion: there are tons of different ways to provide 100% supply/demand matching with different amounts of overbuilding and/or storage (and some amount of demand response would be even cheaper, but isn't technically necessary) - the "renewables work fine" conclusion is not sensitive to how the build-out proceeds. And we have practical examples of it working in the real world: e.g. South Australia which was 71% renewable-powered over the entire year last year, despite its tiny geographic footprint, weak interconnections with other states, and almost no storage at all. And they're targeting net 100% renewable electricity just THREE YEARS from now, enabled by a connection to NSW coming online, and a bit of new battery development. Fully one quarter of the time, the state's at or above 100% renewables, so clearly the predicted stability and grid control problems are surmountable: it's just a matter of building enough generation to supply the bulk energy, and then some combination of transmission and energy storage to match supply and demand.

And that's precisely what will happen. Any utility that wants new bulk energy will build wind and solar, because they can rely on 'free' load matching from gas plants ramping up and down, so it's extra cheap. The learning rate will drive down the cost of wind and solar even further, meaning they'll continue to be built, even after we've built so much of them that sometimes they get curtailed, because that will still be cheaper than building any of the alternatives. Then, during the day, everything non-solar will have to ramp down to make way for cheap solar power because it has the cheapest marginal cost and ample supply. And that means that plants that can't ramp much (coal) or at all (nukes) will either have to bid less than zero (see what's happening in Australia...) in order to be allowed to run so that they can supply energy into the evening peak, or they'll be forced to close (see...Australia). This happens gradually: their profitability keeps slipping year after year until their owners give up and quit. Note that it's already cheaper to build a brand new PV plant (in much of the world) to generate electricity than it is to simply keep operating an existing already-paid-for coal, gas, or nuclear plant (LCOE for new generation vs short-run marginal cost for coal, gas, nukes).

So now we have renewables and gas, but gas is increasingly expensive because its capacity factor keeps falling and the operators need to pay off their CAPEX. Enter: batteries (and CAES, PHS, normal hydro, etc.) which will increasingly cut further into gas's profitability by relegating gas plants to an increasingly marginal role providing extremely expensive peaking power, but little bulk energy. Which is TOTALLY FINE! A huge fleet of cheap-to-build, inefficient open cycle gas turbines operating for 100 hours a year to get us from 99% to 99.99% served energy is TOTALLY FINE. We just need to stop running them year-round to provide bulk energy.

I've presented this as a series of steps, but of course all these things will be - already are - happening gradually, and together, over the next few decades. The fossil fuel industry is mortally wounded but still alive; in a decade or so it'll be dead but still twitching; hopefully in two decades it'll be fully buried (and/or dug up: did you know that the oil and gas pipelines in the US have enough steel in them to satisfy two full years of nation-wide steel demand? More than enough to build all the wind turbine towers we'll need!).

Why are we still having these conversations? Coal and gas cost too much for electricity generation. Combined-cycle gas is 50-100% more expensive than wind power in the US (source: https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.io?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lazard.com%2Fperspec...). New-build solar or wind are already cheaper than continuing to operate an already-build coal plant (same source).

So what? So lots of solar and wind will continue to be built because they're the cheapest source of electricity. Lots of solar and wind will mean coal plants have to ramp at their maximum rates to keep up, which wears them out and makes them even more expensive to maintain; they're doomed and are going away. Gas plants generally can ramp faster but even they are getting stressed by the ramp rates in, e.g. Australia.

If lots of solar and wind will get built because they're cheaper, and as a side effect they drive up the prices / drive down the reliability of coal and gas, that just makes them EVEN CHEAPER by comparison, so even more will be built. Learning rates, though declining, will continue to depress prices, leading to overbuilding because they'll still be profitable even with increasing amounts of curtailment.

So what? So lots of short-duration energy storage (mostly batteries) will be built to take advantage of cheap daytime electricity. All sorts of flexible demand will shift from historically-cheaper nighttime electricity to now-cheaper daytime: EV charging, heat pump water heaters, heat pump space heaters, maybe even the electrolyzers the hydrogen-economy boosters hope for. Even with recently-cheap natural gas prices in the US, heat pump heating at my house (in Wisconsin) is cheaper than gas. It's slightly more expensive per unit of delivered energy to use electricity for heating, but not enough to make up the $20+/month cost of having gas service at all. Electric-only is cheaper year-round.

Gas plants, at best, can hope to be relegated to a peaker role: solar, wind, and hydro haven't been meeting demand for a while and batteries / pumped storage are getting low, so let's fire up some gas plants for 100 hours a year every January / February.

There isn't really any proof that Waymo vehicles are driverless, only that the driver isn't in the vehicle. If you compare a dozen dubiously driverless vehicles to a million collecting data every moment and already doing a pretty good job at autonomy, which do you think will succeed?

The fact that the driver is not in the vehicle does not mean that there is no driver.

I believe that this was figured out in the amateur observer community before NASA confirmed it. I saw it go by in my twitter feed. Not sure I can find it now...

Linear Energy Transfer

It's not radioactive. When high-energy particles strike it, they break apart into lower-energy particles that are more harmful. So, you need enough shielding to catch the particles that break apart in the top layer of your shielding.

While radiation mostly results in transient errors, it can also cause latch-ups that blow a gate off of the die. For rad-hard equipment in space this is mitigated by silicon-on-insulator fabrication, so that you can't have a latch-up between the substrate and a silicon feature.

...and take your emojis with you :)

We could have REAL ZOMBIES! YEAH!

:-)

I hear you. Going to be an interesting future, if we live.

Someone who broke their neck and was suffering from paralysis. You can control a chair or exoskeleton. People who can not hear today have cochlear implants, this is not all that different and might (eventually) work better. Or speak, or see. Other people who are disabled in various ways.

Both mobile messages I've grudgingly sent this year have been SMS messages.

Oops. To continue: I'm just not seeing that it is so hard to access. But then, I use a Linux desktop, which has always come with a proper PDF renderer, there has never been a need to download "Acrobat".

Web pages use SVG to render vector graphics. It uses the exact same imaging model as PDF and is implemented in all modern browsers. The web in general has taken a lot of lessons from Adobe because Warnock and Geshke, in the PostScript Red Book, got so much right about how to build an image model that many GUI developers are still learning today. If you start with a PDF, it should be possible to machine-translate it to SVG and present it as a web page.

PDF exists because it is trivial to generate it from the document renderer meant for printing. Although I have once in a while run into an improperly scaled PDF meant to be printed 8-up, I'm just not

Lithium battery fires are in the news because they are new. There are many more gasoline fires every day.