
In fact, the actual answer to this question is complex. By analyzing the Navier-Stokes equation using technical concepts such as vorticity and big computers it is often possible to get reasonable numbers for actual lift. However, various limitations to these techniques mean that experimental tests are still an important part of designing aircraft.
From the US copyright act: "Works Made for Hire. -- (1) a work prepared by an employee within the scope of his or her employment; or
There are various caveats which can matter, but if you are on a salary and do work at home on your own equipment to solve a problem that is part of your job, then that is a work for hire and owned by your employer. As a result, if you are a salaried employee of a software company, and you do programming at home, they might well try to make the argument that this work was done "for" them and therefore belongs to them. This is why the FSF, for example, requires that professional programmers who contribute to their projects include a sign off from the contributor's employer. Even if the contributor is sure that it wasn't done as part of his work, they don't want to deal with the legal hassles if the employer disagrees.
Individual employment agreements, and state restrictions on employment agreements can further refine this. For example, in California an employment agreement forcing you to hand over work done for your own purposes on your own time is considered unenforceable.
I hope you're not serious. Expecting teenagers to read Newton is a great way of putting them off physics for life. He is quite possibly the most dull and convoluted writer ever to abuse the English language. A grounding in the history of a subject is important, but reading Newton is a terrible idea.
English? Why ever would you expect a book with the tittle "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" to be written in english? Images of the text seem to match the tittle.
So if music transcription and chord theory had some practical everyday purpose, would we be justified in making students learn to do these things without even trying to show them how to play?
Engineers use computer models. Accountants use spreadsheets. How many other professions even come close to using math?
This wasn't always the case. I hear of today's law students avoiding tax class because the math is difficult. Abraham Lincoln carried a copy of Euclid's Elements in his saddle bags because he thought reading it improved his ability to argue and demonstrate as a lawyer.
Today more than ever before, the important part of mathematics in today's world is the ideas and the ability to connect the ideas. Not the ability to perform, say, those arithmetic computations which computers do so many millions of times faster. Now, a certain amount of practicing such things does contribute to the study of mathematical ideas, but if every question you study is better answered with a calculator then that is all you are training to be, and the calculator will always be better than you.
Specialists in every field complain that educators get their field wrong or don't stir the passions of kids for their field as much as they ought to. What they fail to understand is that they're coming at the whole problem from the perspective of someone who is obviously gifted at and highly passionate about the field. They don't seem to get that most people don't pick up their field as easily as they do, and don't care enough to put in the effort it would take to get even half as good at it as the specialist.
Do musicians complain that the typical high school band teachers don't understand the basics of music? This is a specific example from the TFA and it is very well chosen. People don't expect high school band teacher to world class musicians. They do however expect high school band teacher to have a feel for what music is. They expect high school band teacher to know the difference between in tune and out of tune. They expect high school band teachers to drill notation and teach counting different times, but the also expect to be connecting these things to actual music at every step of the way.
We expect this of high school band teacher because most people know what music is supposed to sound like. Most people have enough sense for how it actually works to recognize somebody who can't play, or who cannot teach how to play.
Teaching math, science, or anything else is HARD. Teaching it to people who don't care and don't want to be there is even harder. Teaching kids to love the field when the only metric used to judge your performance is pass rates on a standardized test is harder still. It's all well and good for professional mathematicians to bitch and moan about the state of education, but until they're ready to step in with some realistic and implementable ideas that don't presuppose that all kids have some inherent interest in these things that just needs to be tapped into, it's not helpful in the least.
If you tried to teach a music class based on transcribing notation and chord theory, rather than listening and/or playing you'd find it hard also. Teaching kids to love music using a such a curriculum wouldn't just be hard, it would border on the absurd. Even if a few people did enjoy the raw mindless diligence to do such a thing out of context, there is no particular reason to believe that this would produce great musicians.
I'd like to add that science education in the US seems to me to be much closer to math education than music education. I remember learning to play lip service to the scientific method, but I don't remember ever being asked to sit down with some lab equipment and figure out what some relationship is. If you are given the equation, and given the experiment to "test" some particular aspect of the equation, you've removed the science, you've removed what is important.
Never keep up with the Joneses. Drag them down to your level. -- Quentin Crisp