Found it a bit humorous that your big mentions for European exceptionalism (Novo Nordisk and ASML) rely pretty heavily on the US.
Novo Nordisk does the majority of their R&D in the US, with their largest facility (with the most patents and papers) in Boston.
ASML's on the other hand is almost entirely a collection of US companies they bought out (Cymer invented their EUV/DUV tech, SVG produces the lithography equipment, and Brion Tech provided their patterning and lithography software). The "key components" are produced in the US and shipped to Denmark for final assembly. ASML is more American than Baseball or Apple Pie.